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What is Foreign Direct Investment?
Direct Equity: Direct equity refers to shares in the ownership of the company.
Capital investment is the money invested in a company to help reach its business objectives. Capital investment can come from domestic or foreign financial institutions, angel investors, private equity investors and venture capitalists.
Investing in a foreign land is termed a foreign direct investment (FDI). An FDI is a purchase of a stake in a foreign company or buying it out completely to expand its operations to a new region.
Capital investment can be divided into four categories:
Direct Equity: Direct equity refers to shares in the ownership of the company.
Direct Debt: Direct debt refers to loans given to a company.
Indirect Equity: When you invest money in a fund that manages investment in equities
Indirect Debt: In indirect debt, you do not lend directly to the borrower
Direct Investment – Definition
Direct investment is a financial arrangement where you direct your funds into a business or enterprise. Direct investment can be a great way to get involved in the stock market, gain exposure to different types of assets, and make money. It's important to select the right type of direct investment for you, as each has its benefits and drawbacks. When deciding which type of direct investment to pursue, be sure to consider your long-term goals and objectives.
Purpose of Direct Investment
You must invest in direct equity if you want to have long-term exposure to a particular sector or country. For example, you may want to invest in a company that makes products related to your field of interest or region. This way, you can be confident that your money is being put towards something that has growth potential.
Also Read - Passive Investing
Some of the key highlights of direct investment:
Technology transfer is easier through the FDI route.
FDI hastens competition in the domestic market.
Benefit from new training in operating the new business or operating with new technology.
Profits to corporate tax revenues in the host country.
Foreign Capital for Indian Companies
India is the world’s 2nd most populous country and also one of the doyens of free markets after the USA.
The large size of the market, adequate talent, resources to set up production and other facilities made India a sought-after destination for money from abroad.
FDI can be in the form of greenfield investment (setting up a new company) or portfolio investment (purchasing shares).
India has attracted a lot of international investment in recent years. The government has set up a clear and transparent process for deploying foreign capital to Indian companies.
Foreign capital can be invested in Indian companies through 2 routes:
a. Automatic: No prior approval, from the government, is required. It is in line with regulation #16 of FEMA 20(R). For example, agriculture & animal husbandry, air-transport services, airports (greenfield + brownfield), asset reconstruction companies, auto components, automobiles etc
b. Government: For all other cases, not covered under the automatic route, prior approval from the government is required. For examples, banking, broadcasting content services, food products, retail trading etc
Sector Wise FDI Allocation in India
India is a land of opportunities and that's why businesses from all around the world are investing in the country. With a young population and enormous potential, the country has a lot to offer businesses of all types. Take a look at some of the sectors of the economy and the FDI in FY21-22, until November’21:
1. Information Technology: This sector has seen significant growth in recent years due to increasing demand for digital services and the increasing use of technology in both the public and private sectors. US$9bn.
2. Pharmaceuticals: India is currently the world's second-largest pharmaceuticals market and is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. This sector is also benefitting from growing awareness of medical procedures and treatments abroad. US$1.1bn.
3. Food Processing: The food processing and packaging industry is expanding rapidly, thanks to rising consumer demand and India's ability to provide high-quality food products at low prices. The food processing sector is particularly interesting, as it offers opportunities to invest in new technologies and products. US$503mn.
4. Power Generation Infrastructure: India is currently the world's fastest-growing major power sector, with growth rates that are twice that of the global economy overall. This sector is expected to remain highly competitive in the future. US$473mn.
5. Automobiles: The Automobiles sector has a huge growth potential due to the increasing demand for new cars. Additionally, the sector has seen an increase in production thanks to government initiatives supporting foreign investment. This has created jobs for people across various sectors of the economy. US$5.8bn
6. Agriculture Services and Machinery: Agriculture is one of the most important sectors for foreign investment in India, and there are many opportunities to invest in this sector, including food processing companies. The government is committed to developing the agricultural sector, so there are many opportunities to invest here. US$82mn
7. Textile: Investing in the textile and apparel sector in India is a profitable investment because the country has a large population of young people who are spending money on clothing. Textile and apparel factories in India need reliable machinery, thus attracting FDI. US$153mn.
Direct investment is a term used to describe any investment that is made directly into a company or project. These investments can be in the form of equity, debt, or a combination of both. When making direct investments, be sure to consider the benefits and risks involved. By understanding the different types of investment, you can make the best decision for your business.
In FY 2014-15, FDI inflow in India stood at mere $ 45.15 bn, which increased to $ 60.22 bn in 2016-17 and further to the highest ever annual FDI inflow of $ 83.57 bn reported during the FY 2021-22.
Total FDI inflows in the country in the FY 2022 (April - December) is $ 55.27 Bn and total FDI equity inflows stands at $ 36.74 Bn.
Singapore (27.01%), USA (17.94%), Mauritius (15.98%), Netherland (7.86%) and Switzerland (7.31%) emerge as top 5 countries for FDI equity inflows into India FY 2021-22.
Top 5 sectors receiving highest FDI Equity Inflow during FY 2021-22 are Computer Software & Hardware (24.60%), Services Sector (Fin., Banking, Insurance, Non Fin/Business, Outsourcing, R&D, Courier, Tech. Testing and Analysis, Other) (12.13%), Automobile Industry (11.89%), Trading 7.72% and Construction (Infrastructure) Activities (5.52%).
Top 5 States receiving highest FDI Equity Inflow during FY 2021-22 are Karnataka (37.55%), Maharashtra (26.26%), Delhi (13.93%), Tamil Nadu (5.10%) and Haryana (4.76%)